Direct injection of seawater for the analysis of nitroaromatic explosives and their degradation products by micellar electrokinetic chromatography

Practical considerations for the injection and separation of nitroaromatic explosives in seawater sample matrices are discussed. The use of high surfactant concentrations and long electrokinetic injections allows for improved detection limits. Sensitivity was enhanced by two mechanisms, improved stacking at the detector-side of the sample plug and desorption of analyte from the capillary wall by surfactant-containing BGE from the inlet side of the sample plug. Calculated limits of detection (S/N = 3) for analytes prepared in pure seawater were 70–800 ppb with injection times varying from 5 to 100 s.