Ice chromatography: Modification of solute retention on water–ice stationary phase

Ice chromatography, in which water–ice particles are used as the stationary phase, has high potential as a separation tool, and is an efficient approach to probe the molecular interaction occurring on the water–ice surface. In the present paper, to modify solute retention, several methods are proposed, that is, changing the mobile phase composition, the surface modification of water–ice, and the implantation of functional molecules into water–ice. The retention mechanism of ice chromatography is discussed through these retention modifications.