Development of a pressurised liquid extraction and liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of domoic acid in shellfish

Amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) is a potentially lethal human toxic syndrome which is caused by domoic acid (DA) that originates in marine phytoplankton belonging to the Pseudonitzschia genus. A confirmatory and sensitive procedure has been developed and validated for the determination of DA in shellfish. The proposed method includes pressurised liquid extraction (PLE) with methanol/acetone (9:1), florisil® clean-up purification inside the PLE extraction cell and detection by liquid chromatography (LC) coupled to electrospray ionization in positive mode tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS–MS). Comparison of ionization sources (ESI, atmospheric pressure ionization (APCI) atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) and combined APCI/APPI) were carried out in order to improve the analytical signal. The main parameters affecting the performance of the different ionization sources and PLE parameters were previously optimised using statistical design of experiments (DOE). Linear calibrations were obtained using mussel tissue extracts 0.05–5 μg DA/ml (R2 > 0.999). The limits of detection (LOD) and quantitation (LOQ) of the method were 0.2 and 0.5 μg/g respectively and recoveries ranged from 81 to 95%. This method was successfully applied to determine DA levels in 46 shellfish samples collected from Valencian (Spain) supermarkets, showing high sample throughput.