Solid phase extraction–spectrophotometric determination of fluoride in water samples using magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles

A new, sensitive, fast and simple method using magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (MIONs), as an adsorbent has been developed for extraction, preconcentration and determination of traces of fluoride ions. The determination method is based on the discoloration of Fe(III)–SCN complex with extracted fluoride ions which was subsequently monitored spectrophotometrically at λmax = 458 nm. Various parameters affecting the adsorption of fluoride by the MIONs have been investigated, such as pH of the solution, type, volume and concentration of desorbing reagent, amount of adsorbent and interference effects. A linear response for the determination of fluoride was achieved in the concentration range of 0.040–1.250 μg mL−1. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) for fluoride based on 3 times and 10 times the standard deviation of the blank (3Sb, 10Sb) were 0.015 and 0.042 μg mL−1 (n = 20) for fluoride ion, respectively. A preconcentration factor of 50 was achieved in this method. The proposed procedure has been applied for determination of fluoride concentration in various water samples. The results obtained from this method were successfully compared with those provided by standard SPADNS method.