Preparation and application of the titania sol–gel coated anodized aluminum fibers for headspace solid phase microextraction of aromatic hydrocarbons from water samples

A novel titania sol–gel coating, including tetrabutyl orthototitanat (TBOT) as initial alkoxide, triethanolamine (TEA) as stabilizer, nitric acid as acid catalyst, and polyethylene glycol (PEG, 6000) as binder was prepared for the first time on an anodized aluminium wire and subsequently applied to headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes (BTEX) with gas chromatography flame ionization detection (GC-FID). The analytical characteristics of the proposed porous titania sol–gel derived TBOT/PEG/TEA (41.6:16.0:42.4) fiber were comparable with reported fibers. The extraction temperature, extraction time, effect of salt addition, desorption temperature and desorption time were optimized. Under the optimized conditions and for all BTEX components, the linearity was from 20 to 800 μg L−1, the RSD was below 8.2% and limit of detections (LODs) were between 5.4 and 14.8 μg L−1. The recovery values were from 86.7% to 94.2% in water samples. The proposed HS-SPME-GC-FID method was successfully applied for the analysis of BTEX compounds from petrochemical wastewater samples.