Coating methods, modifiers and applications of bismuth screen-printed electrodes

• Bismuth screen-printed electrodes (Bi-SPEs) for analytical determination are reviewed.
• Design and fabrication of bismuth screen-printed electrodes (Bi-SPEs) are examined.
• Methods of coating bismuth, substrate modifications and bismuth modifiers are discussed.

This review summarizes analytical determinations using bismuth screen-printed electrodes (Bi-SPEs). We emphasize fundamental understanding of the design and the fabrication of these economical disposable sensors that are environment friendly. The methods of coating the Bi on the working surface and their potential modifications are used to classify the types of Bi-SPE. We present tables with the most significant information from the accessible literature.