Multiple solid-phase microextraction: Theory and applications

Multiple solid-phase microextraction (MSPME) is a stepped procedure suitable for avoiding matrix-effect errors in quantitative analyses of complex matrix samples by SPME. It is based on calculating the amount of analyte corresponding to complete extraction using the peak areas of a few consecutive extractions from the same sample. This article reviews the state of the art in MSPME, including theory and applications. It also includes a debate on calculating the limits of detection and quantification, and the use of this methodology to determine fiber-sample distribution constant.