Thermodynamic analysis of solid oxide fuel cells operated with methanol and ethanol under direct utilization, steam reforming, dry reforming or partial oxidation conditions

There is increasing interest in developing solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) for portable applications. For these devices it would be convenient to directly use a liquid fuel such as methanol and ethanol rather than hydrogen. The direct utilization of alcohol fuels in SOFC involves several processes, including the deposition of carbon, which can lead to irreversible deactivation of the fuel cell. Several publications have addressed the thermodynamic analysis of the reforming of methanol (MeOH) and ethanol (EtOH) in SOFC, but none have considered the direct utilization of these fuels. The equilibrium compositions, the carbon deposition boundaries, and the electromotive forces for the direct utilization and partial oxidation of methanol and ethanol in SOFC as a function of the fuel utilization are obtained in this study. In addition, the minimum amounts of H2O, and CO2 for direct and indirect reforming with MeOH and EtOH to avoid carbon formation are calculated.