Recursive Bayesian filtering framework for lithium-ion cell state estimation

• Recursive Bayesian filtering framework for Li-ion cell state estimation.
• Modified particle filter development and comparison with unscented Kalman filter.
• Physics-based reduced order model as a basis for filtering.
• Validation of framework for commercial cell at realistic operating conditions.
• Physical insights into the low temperature operations using the estimated states.

Robust battery management system is critical for a safe and reliable electric vehicle operation. One of the most important functions of the battery management system is to accurately estimate the battery state using minimal on-board instrumentation. This paper presents a recursive Bayesian filtering framework for on-board battery state estimation by assimilating measurables like cell voltage, current and temperature with physics-based reduced order model (ROM) predictions. The paper proposes an improved Particle filtering algorithm for implementation of the framework, and compares its performance against the unscented Kalman filter. Functionality of the proposed framework is demonstrated for a commercial NCA/C cell state estimation at different operating conditions including constant current discharge at room and low temperatures, hybrid power pulse characterization (HPPC) and urban driving schedule (UDDS) protocols. In addition to accurate voltage prediction, the electrochemical nature of ROM enables drawing of physical insights into the cell behavior. Advantages of using electrode concentrations over conventional Coulomb counting for accessible capacity estimation are discussed. In addition to the mean state estimation, the framework also provides estimation of the associated confidence bounds that are used to establish predictive capability of the proposed framework.