Silica-supported palladium: Sustainable catalysts for cross-coupling reactions

Heterogeneous palladium (Pd) catalyst systems are among the most widely used for the formation of carbon–carbon and carbon–nitrogen bonds. The majority of the novel heterogeneous catalysts are based on silica supports, primarily because silica displays some advantageous properties, such as excellent stability (chemical and thermal), good accessibility and porosity, and the fact that organic groups can be robustly anchored to the surface to provide catalytic centers. This review aims to give insight into the state of art in the field of the synthesis and the application of silica-supported Pd catalysts in carbon–carbon and carbon–nitrogen coupling reactions.