Synthesis, structure, and nuclease properties of several binary and ternary complexes of copper(II) with norfloxacin and 1,10 phenantroline

Three new binary Cu(II) complexes of norfloxacin have been synthesized and characterized. We also report the synthesis, characterization and X-ray crystallographic structures of a new binary compound, [Cu(HNor)2]Cl2 · 2H2O (2) and two new ternary complexes norfloxacin–copper(II)–phen, [Cu(Nor)(phen)(H2O)](NO3) · 3H2O (4), and [Cu(HNor)(phen)(NO3)](NO3) · 3H2O (5). The structure of 2 consists of two crystallographically independent cationic monomeric units of [Cu(HNor)2]2+, chloride anions, and uncoordinated water molecules. The Cu(II) ion is placed at a center of symmetry and is coordinated to two norfloxacin ligands which are related through the inversion center. The structures of 4 and 5 consist of cationic units ([Cu(Nor)(phen)(H2O)]+ for 4 and [Cu(HNor)(phen)(NO3)]+ for 5), nitrate counteranions, and lattice water molecules that provide crystalline stability through a network of hydrogen-bond interactions. The complexes exhibit a five coordinated motif in a square pyramidal environment around the metal center. The ability of compounds 4 and 5 to cleave DNA has also been studied. Mechanistic studies with different inhibiting reagents reveal that hydroxyl radicals, singlet oxygen, and superoxide radicals are all involved in the DNA scission process mediated by these compounds.