Fabrication of carbon microcapsules containing silicon nanoparticles–carbon nanotubes nanocomposite by sol–gel method for anode in lithium ion battery

Carbon microcapsules containing silicon nanoparticles (Si NPs)–carbon nanotubes (CNTs) nanocomposite (Si-CNT@C) have been fabricated by a surfactant mediated sol–gel method followed by a carbonization process. Silicon nanoparticles–carbon nanotubes (Si-CNT) nanohybrids were produced by a wet-type beadsmill method. To obtain Si-CNT nanocomposites with spherical morphologies, a silica precursor (tetraethylorthosilicate, TEOS) and polymer (PMMA) mixture was employed as a structure-directing medium. Thus the Si-CNT/Silica-Polymer microspheres were prepared by an acid catalyzed sol–gel method. Then a carbon precursor such as polypyrrole (PPy) was incorporated onto the surfaces of pre-existing Si-CNT/silica-polymer to generate Si-CNT/Silica-Polymer@PPy microspheres. Subsequent thermal treatment of the precursor followed by wet etching of silica produced Si-CNT@C microcapsules. The intermediate silica/polymer must disappear during the carbonization and etching process resulting in the formation of an internal free space. The carbon precursor polymer should transform to carbon shell to encapsulate remaining Si-CNT nanocomposites. Therefore, hollow carbon microcapsules containing Si-CNT nanocomposites could be obtained (Si-CNT@C). The successful fabrication was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). These final materials were employed for anode performance improvement in lithium ion battery. The cyclic performances of these Si-CNT@C microcapsules were measured with a lithium battery half cell tests.

Graphical AbstractCarbon microcapsules containing silicon nanoparticles (Si NPs)–carbon nanotubes (CNTs) nanocomposite (Si-CNT@C) have been fabricated by a surfactant mediated sol–gel method.Figure optionsDownload as PowerPoint slideHighlights
► Polymeric microcapsules containing Si-CNT transformed to carbon microcapsules.
► Accommodate volume changes of Si NPs during Li ion charge/discharge.
► Sizes of microcapsules were controlled by experimental parameters.
► Lithium storage capacity and coulombic efficiency were demonstrated.
► Use of sol–gel procedure as intermediate reaction.