Conversion of fructose into 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and its derivatives promoted by inorganic salt in alcohol

The conversion of d-fructose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) on a 1 mmol scale was achieved in good yield (68%) using NH4Cl as catalyst in isopropanol at 120 °C. About 3% of 5-i-propoxymethylfurfural was formed. The reaction in ethanol at 100 °C on a 10 g scale gave a total yield of HMF and 5-ethoxymethylfurfural of 42%. No mineral acid such as H2SO4 and HCl are required.

5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and its derivatives can be obtained in good yields through the dehydration of d-fructose catalyzed by NH4Cl in a separation-friendly solvent.Figure optionsDownload as PowerPoint slideHighlights
► NH4Cl was used to promote the dehydration of fructose in alcohols.
► No mineral acids such as HCl or H2SO4 are required.
► The reactions are prone for scale up.