Biocatalysts: Measurement, modelling and design of heterogeneity

Multiple phenomena are involved in conversions by immobilized biocatalysts. A paradox is identified between analytical desires on one hand and analytical boundary conditions on the other: while the study of interdependent phenomena would call for their simultaneous analysis in an integrated context, the available experimental options may impose a series of separate and dedicated analyses.From this analysis, bottlenecks in particle performance may be identified, if possible supported by a mechanistic model and performance criteria. Subsequently, a strategy for further biocatalyst development may be chosen.Finally, possibilities for future improvement of biocatalysts are discussed for various fields of research. Some examples of recent developments in enzyme and matrix characteristics, reactor operation, and micro-technology are discussed.