General strategy for improving dye-sensitized solar cells by using sub-micrometer cavities

Photoanodes with sub-micrometer cavities of various sizes and ratios are easily introduced and controlled by burning off the sub-micrometer polystyrene spheres embedded in TiO2 paste. The solar cell performance improvement is attributed to the ability of enhancing light scattering and maintaining low resistance with the introduction of optimized ratio of sub-micrometer cavities.