Self-templated synthesis of hollow porous submicron ZnMn2O4 sphere as anode for lithium-ion batteries

Hollow porous submicron-sized ZnMn2O4 spheres have been successfully prepared using self-made MnCO3 spheres as template. The morphology and structure evolution of the hollow porous ZnMn2O4 spheres are well examined to achieve optimal electrochemical performance. The SEM image shows that the ZnMn2O4 sample is composed of hollow porous submicron spheres (0.5–1.0 μm) formed by nanosized particles with diameters of 25–50 nm. The 600 °C-sintered sample exhibits the best electrochemical performance. At a current density of 100 mA g−1, the discharge capacity is as high as 1260 mA h g−1 for the first cycle and retains stably at 599 mA h g−1 after 40 cycles. Even at 1000 mA g−1, the average specific capacity is still 450 mA h g−1. The excellent electrochemical performance can be attributed to its unique feature of hollow porous structure, which may not only buffer the volume variation during discharge/charge process with hollow interior, but also facilitate the electrolyte penetration and thus shorten the transport length of Li+ ions.

► Hollow porous submicron ZnMn2O4 spheres were prepared by using MnCO3 as the template.
► The synthesis procedure are of high productivity.
► The morphology and structure evolution of the hollow porous ZnMn2O4 spheres are well investigated.
► The optimal sample shows good cyclability and rate capability.