Constraints on martian lobate debris apron evolution and rheology from numerical modeling of ice flow

► Simulations suggest ∼100 Myr mid-latitude ice deposits are composed of 5 mm ice grains at a temperature of 205 K. ► However, this ice rheology cannot explain the shape of all LDAs, suggesting the presence of a basal slope of ∼1° below some LDAs. ► Our model constrains the dust fraction to <4 vol% within these deposits. ► Using current dust deposition rates, accumulation of these deposits via precipitation requires a precipitation rate of >1.2 cm/yr.