The long term stability of coorbital moons of the satellites of Saturn: I. Conservative case

The aim of this work is to understand the absence of objects along the orbits of Mimas and Enceladus in contrast to their presence at the orbits of neighbouring Tethys and Dione from the point of view of dynamical stability. Large scale numerical simulations of 360 test particles within the coorbital regions of these four saturnian satellites were carried out for 4×105 yr4×105 yr or 1.6×1081.6×108 revolutions of the innermost moon Mimas. The tidal forcing of the satellites' orbits was not taken into account in these simulations. We have quantitatively reproduced the Mimas–Tethys 4:2 and Enceladus–Dione 2:1 mean motion resonances in the system and devised a scheme by which the parameter space of the coorbital resonance is sampled uniformly by our test particles. We observe that 6 out of the 36 integrated horseshoe particles of Enceladus escaped the coorbital region. All 54 tadpole particles remained stable. The main cause of instability for Enceladus coorbitals appears to be the overlap between the coorbital resonance and the 2:1 mean motion resonance between the particle and Dione. This leads particles with starting semimajor axes near the horseshoe–tadpole separatrix to be ejected from the resonance, as proposed by Morais [Morais, M.H.M., 2000. The effect of secular perturbations and mean motion resonances on trojan dynamics. Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of London], over timescales of ∼8×107∼8×107 revolutions of Enceladus. For Mimas we observe a larger number of coorbital escapes overall, both of tadpole (7/54) and horseshoe (29/36) librators. An analysis of the observed dynamical evolution suggests a two-stage process at work: The semimajor axis of particles with starting conditions near the horseshoe–tadpole separatrix undergoes a slow random walk over timescales of 105 yr105 yr through a mechanism similar to that at Enceladus but involving the 4:2 inclination resonance with Tethys. These particles are eventually injected into a region of short-term (⩽104 yr⩽104 yr) instability just inside the nominal boundary of stable, symmetric horseshoe motion. The presence of the 4:2 eccentricity triplet at that location is the most likely culprit for the instability. In both the cases of Mimas and Enceladus small-amplitude tadpoles remain stable until the end of the integration. The existence of fast escapers at Mimas provides a dynamical avenue for the short-term survival of impact ejecta in horseshoe orbits within Mimas' coorbital region.