Solar flux in Saturn's atmosphere: Penetration and heating rates in the aerosol and cloud layers

In this work, we describe an analysis of the internal solar radiation fields in Saturn's atmosphere. The aim of this paper is to study how the solar radiation flux in optical wavelengths (0.25–1.0 μm) is attenuated, primarily by the effect of the aerosols located close to the tropopause level, retrieving also the corresponding solar heating rates. We use a doubling–adding method and previous results on the vertical cloud and haze structure of Saturn's atmosphere. Our study shows that the maximum penetration level (∼250 mbar) for these wavelengths is substantially higher than previously expected because of the huge optical thickness of the tropospheric haze described in all vertical cloud structure models. We compare our results with previous estimates and parameterizations for seasonal climate models and propose a new approach for future models, with an intense and concentrated heating rate close to the top level of the tropospheric haze. Given that our spectral range accounts for about the 70% of the total solar flux, and using previous estimates for the penetration levels of infrared radiation in Saturn's atmosphere, we conclude solar radiation effect is negligible at levels below 600 mbar. This result is fundamental for understanding the role of solar radiation in the general atmospheric circulation of Saturn.