Lower ionosphere electron density profiling with data from VLF receivers

• We use the data from VLF receivers to estimate Wait's parameters.
• Two different transmitters and receivers at two different places along the signal path are necessary.
• A very simple approach using long waveguide with highly conductive walls is used.
• Calculated values are in very good agreement with empirical predictions.

In this work we present the method for estimation of Wait's parameters H′H′ and β directly from measured electrical intensities of distant VLF transmitters. A very simple approach using Earth-ionosphere waveguide with highly conductive walls is used.