Pt–MoOx-carbon nanotube redox couple based electrocatalyst as a potential partner with polybenzimidazole membrane for high temperature Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell applications

A redox couple based electrocatalyst comprising of Pt-Multi Wall Carbon NanoTube (Pt-MWCNT) promoted with molybdenum oxide (MoOx, 2 < x < 3) nanoparticles was prepared. The objective was to effectively organize the Pt–MoOx interface on the smooth MWCNT surface to overcome the practical difficulties associated with establishing such interface with Pt dispersed on carbon morphologies possessing surface irregularities. The present study revealed the importance of stringent controlling of the additive level for maintaining a balanced bifunctional behavior of the catalyst combination through the synergistic effects by the components and the need of a proton conducting membrane operable at high temperature to get better output from the Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) systems. An indigenously developed polybenzimidazole (PBI) membrane was used to fabricate a membrane electrode assembly (MEA) as it can be operated at higher temperatures compared to that of Nafion membranes. MoOx additive level was carefully controlled by monitoring the active Pt area by cyclic voltammetry. All prepared electrocatalysts were characterized by using HRTEM, XRD and XPS to get information on dispersion and morphology, crystalinity and oxidation state of different elements, respectively. The system prepared with 5% MoOx addition with respect to Pt (hereafter Pt–MoOx(5%)-MWCNT) displayed balanced active Pt area and excellent oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) activities. Rotating Disk Electrode (RDE) system was extensively utilized to understand the ORR kinetics and the favorable role of MoOx as the promoter in the reaction. The kinetic current (jk) measured at 0.02 V vs. Hg/Hg2SO4 electrode from the Koutecky–Levich plots was 9 times higher and the apparent activation energy during single cell evaluation was 27 kJ/mol lower for the MoOx promoted system, compared to the system without the additive. A higher operating temperature significantly favored the cell performance by a combined effect of enhancement in proton conductivity of the PBI membrane and possible kinetic benefit by the well postulated oxygen spill over effect by the MoOx type systems in some combinations involving such systems.