Endothelial biology in the post-menopausal obese woman

Women generally have a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, this protection of gender diminishes rapidly after menopause and with advancing age, particularly in obese women. Alterations in vascular function are thought to a key early step in the development of atherosclerosis. In this review, we will describe the features of endothelial dysfunction in the post-menopausal obese female and discuss the interplay of aging, estrogen withdrawal, and obesity. The objectives include (1) a review of endothelial biology and endothelial dysfunction, and (2) a discussion how the endothelial function is altered in the context of aging, hormonal changes and insulin resistance. The clinical consequences of endothelial dysfunction and CVD will also be reviewed.