A simple model to assess the contribution of alloyed and non-alloyed platinum and tin to the ethanol oxidation reaction on Pt–Sn/C catalysts: Application to direct ethanol fuel cell performance

A simple model is proposed to evaluate the contribution of alloyed and non-alloyed platinum and tin to the ethanol oxidation reaction on Pt–Sn/C catalysts for direct ethanol fuel cells. On the basis of the model, the ethanol oxidation on partially alloyed catalysts occurs through a dual pathway mechanism, separately involving the Pt3Sn phase and Pt–SnOx. The model, validated by experimental data, can predict the performance of a single direct ethanol fuel cell by varying the Sn content and/or the degree of alloying of Pt–Sn/C catalysts used as the anode material.