Green tea proanthocyanidins inhibit cyclooxygenase-2 expression in LPS-activated mouse macrophages: Molecular mechanisms and structure–activity relationship

The inhibitory effects of green tea proanthocyanidins on cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) release were investigated in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated murine macrophage RAW264 cells. Prodelphinidin B2 3,3′ di-O-gallate (PDGG) caused a dose-dependent inhibition of COX-2 at both mRNA and protein levels with the attendant release of PGE2. Molecular evidence revealed that PDGG inhibited the degradation of Iκ-B, nuclear translocation of p65 and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP)δ, and phosphorylation of c-Jun, but not CRE-binding protein (CREB), which regulate COX-2 expression. Moreover, PDGG suppressed the activations of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) including c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and p38 kinase. The results demonstrated that PDGG suppressed COX-2 expression via blocking MAPK-mediated activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), activator protein-1 (AP-1) and C/EBPδ. Furthermore, studies on structure-activity relationship using five kinds of proanthocyanidins revealed that the galloyl moiety of proanthocyanidins appeared important to their inhibitory actions. Thus, our findings provide the first molecular basis that green tea proanthocyanidins with the galloyl moiety might have anti-inflammatory properties through blocking MAPK-mediated COX-2 expression.