Solution NMR structure of the V27A drug resistant mutant of influenza A M2 channel

The M2 protein of influenza A virus forms a proton-selective channel that is required for viral replication. It is the target of the anti-influenza drugs, amantadine and rimantadine. Widespread drug resistant mutants, however, has greatly compromised the effectiveness of these drugs. Here, we report the solution NMR structure of the highly pathogenic, drug resistant mutant V27A. The structure reveals subtle structural differences from wildtype that maybe linked to drug resistance. The V27A mutation significantly decreases hydrophobic packing between the N-terminal ends of the transmembrane helices, which explains the looser, more dynamic tetrameric assembly. The weakened channel assembly can resist drug binding either by destabilizing the rimantadine-binding pocket at Asp44, in the case of the allosteric inhibition model, or by reducing hydrophobic contacts with amantadine in the pore, in the case of the pore-blocking model. Moreover, the V27A structure shows a substantially increased channel opening at the N-terminal end, which may explain the faster proton conduction observed for this mutant. Furthermore, due to the high quality NMR data recorded for the V27A mutant, we were able to determine the structured region connecting the channel domain to the C-terminal amphipathic helices that was not determined in the wildtype structure. The new structural data show that the amphipathic helices are packed much more closely to the channel domain and provide new insights into the proton transfer pathway.

Research highlights
► This paper reports the structure of the V27A drug resistant mutant of the M2 channel of influenza A virus.
► High quality NMR data allowed a better-defined structure for the C-terminal region of the M2 channel.
► Using the structure, we propose a proton transfer pathway during M2 proton conduction.
► Structural comparison between the wildtype, V27A and S31N variants allowed an in-depth analysis of possible modes of drug resistance.
► Distinct feature of the V27A channel pore also provides an explanation for its faster rate of proton conduction.