Benzo[a]pyrene-3,6-dione inhibited VEGF expression through inducing HIF-1α degradation

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a potent angiogenesis inducer for tumor growth and angiogenesis. Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) belongs to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and is known to cause carcinogenesis. But the effects of BaP and its metabolites on VEGF and HIF-1 expression remain to be elucidated. In this study, we found benzo[a]pyrene-3,6-dione (BPQ), but not BaP and benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-diol-9,10-epoxide (BPDE) inhibited VEGF expression in a dose-dependent manner. BPQ inhibited VEGF transcriptional activation through hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) binding site. BPQ specifically decreased HIF-1α, but not HIF-1β subunit expression in A549 cells. We found that BPQ did not inhibit HIF-1α mRNA level, but inhibited its protein expression in a proteasome-dependent manner. To further clarify the mechanism of BPQ in regulating HIF-1α stability, we found that BPQ inhibited HIF-1α protein expression by the increase of the proteasome-dependent degradation, and by the disruption of HIF-1α and Hsp90 association.