Current oscillations during chronoamperometric and cyclic voltammetric measurements in alkaline Cu(II)-citrate solutions

It is demonstrated that current oscillations can be observed during chronoamperometric and cyclic voltammetric experiments in solutions containing 0.4 M CuSO4 and 1.2 M citrate at pH 11 and 50 °C. The oscillations, which are shown to originate from local variations in the pH, result in the deposition of nanostructured Cu and Cu2O materials. It is concluded that the current oscillations are analogous to the previously described potential oscillations obtained under controlled current conditions in alkaline Cu(II)-lactate, -tartrate and -citrate solutions. Rotating disk electrode results clearly show that the reduction of the Cu(II)-complexes is kinetically controlled and that the rate of the reduction increases with increasing pH and temperature. It is also shown that the presence of a cathodic peak on the anodic scan in the cyclic voltammograms can be used to identify the experimental conditions leading to the spontaneous current (or potential) oscillations. Electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance results indicate that the cathodic peak stems from an increased rate of the reduction of the Cu(II)-citrate complexes due to a rapid increase in the local pH. This causes Cu2O rather than Cu to be deposited which, however, results in a decrease in the local pH and a decreasing current. In situ ellipsometry data confirm that Cu2O deposition replaces that of Cu in the potential region of the cathodic peak. The present findings should facilitate syntheses of nanolayered materials based on spontaneous potential or current oscillations.