Goldfish brain and heart are well protected from Ni2 +-induced oxidative stress

After 96 h goldfish exposure to 10, 25 or 50 mg/L of Ni2 + no Ni accumulation was found in the brain, but lipid peroxide concentration was by 44% elevated in the brain, whereas carbonyl protein content was by 45–45% decreased in the heart. High molecular mass thiol concentration was enhanced by 30% in the heart, while in the brain low molecular mass thiol concentration increased by 28–88%. Superoxide dismutase activity was by 27% and 35% increased in the brain and heart, respectively. Glutathione peroxidase activity was lowered to 38% and 62% of control values in both tissues, whereas catalase activity was increased in the heart by 15–45%, accompanied by 18–29% decreased glutathione reductase activity. The disturbances of free radical processes in the brain and heart might result from Ni-induced injuries to other organs with more prominent changes in the heart, because of close contact of this organ with blood, whereas the blood–brain barrier seems to protect the brain.