Sympatric Drosophila simulans flies with distinct mtDNA show age related differences in mitochondrial metabolism

The primary causes of age-related changes in mitochondrial metabolism are not known. The goal of this study is to document the influence of naturally occurring mtDNA variation on age dependent changes in mitochondrial respiration, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) generation and antioxidant defenses in the fly Drosophila simulans. Possible changes include an increase in rates of reactive oxygen species production with age and/or an age dependent decrease in antioxidant response. For this study we have used flies harboring distinct siII and siIII mtDNA types. Previously we have shown that males harboring siII mtDNA had higher rates of mitochondrial H2O2 production from complex III at 11 d compared to males with the siIII mtDNA type. Here, we corroborate those results and show that Drosophila harboring the siII and siIII mtDNA types exhibit significantly different patterns of pro-oxidant and antioxidant activities as they age. Flies harboring siII mtDNA had higher rates of mitochondrial H2O2 production and manganese superoxide dismutase activity at 11 and 18 d of age than siIII mtDNA harboring flies. Copper–zinc superoxide dismutase activity increased from 11 to 25 d in siII flies while the accumulation of oxidized glutathione did not change between 11 and 25 d. In contrast, siIII harboring flies showed an age dependent increase in H2O2 production, reaching higher production rates on day 25 than that observed in siII flies. Copper–zinc superoxide dismutase activities did not change between 11 and 25 d while the oxidized glutathione accumulation increased with age. The results show antioxidant levels correlate with pro-oxidant levels in siII but not siIII flies. These results demonstrate our ability to correlate mtDNA variation with differences in whole mitochondrial physiology and individual complex biochemistry.