Osteopontin and skeletal muscle myoblasts: Association with muscle regeneration and regulation of myoblast function in vitro

Osteopontin is a secreted glycoprotein expressed by many cell types including osteoblasts and lymphocytes; it is a constituent of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in bone, and a mitogen for lymphocytes. To investigate the role of osteopontin in muscle repair and development, expression of osteopontin by muscle cells in vivo and in vitro, and the effects of osteopontin on myoblast function in vitro were investigated. Osteopontin staining was weak in sections of muscle from normal mice, but associated with desmin-positive cells in areas of regeneration in muscles from mdx mice. In immunocytochemical, PCR and ELISA studies, cultured myoblasts were found to express osteopontin and secrete it into medium. Treatment of myoblast cultures with fibroblast growth factor-2, transforming growth factor β1, interleukin-1β or thrombin significantly increased osteopontin expression. Osteopontin-coated substrata promoted adhesion and fusion, but not proliferation or migration, of myoblasts. The effect of osteopontin on myoblast adhesion was RGD-dependent. In solution, osteopontin significantly increased proliferation and decreased fusion and migration of myoblasts. These results suggest that myoblasts are an important source of osteopontin in damaged muscle and that osteopontin released by myoblasts may assist in controlling both the myogenic and inflammatory processes during the early stages of muscle regeneration.