Ca2+ dysregulation in the endoplasmic reticulum related to Alzheimer’s disease: A review on experimental progress and computational modeling

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a devastating, incurable neurodegenerative disease affecting millions of people worldwide. Dysregulation of intracellular Ca2+ signaling has been observed as an early event prior to the presence of clinical symptoms of AD and is believed to be a crucial factor contributing to its pathogenesis. The progressive and sustaining increase in the resting level of cytosolic Ca2+ will affect downstream activities and neural functions. This review focuses on the issues relating to the increasing Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) observed in AD neurons. Numerous research papers have suggested that the dysregulation of ER Ca2+ homeostasis is associated with mutations in the presenilin genes and amyloid-β oligomers. These disturbances could happen at many different points in the signaling process, directly affecting ER Ca2+ channels or interfering with related pathways, which makes it harder to reveal the underlying mechanisms. This review paper also shows that computational modeling is a powerful tool in Ca2+ signaling studies and discusses the progress in modeling related to Ca2+ dysregulation in AD research.