Effects of bisphenol A on the microtubule arrays in root meristematic cells of Pisum sativum L.

► Bisphenol A (BPA) disrupts all microtubule arrays in Pisum sativum (pea). ► Cell cycle and chromosome abnormalities are attributed to microtubule disruption. ► Dissimilar to animal cells, BPA induces the formation of bipolar pointed spindles. ► Microtubule dynamics are suppressed and macrotubules are formed. ► Macrotubules may constitute a defensive response to BPA toxicity.