Human dendritic cell antigen presentation and chemotaxis are inhibited by intrinsic 25-hydroxy vitamin D activation

The immunomodulatory effects of vitamin D have primarily been investigated using the biologically active form 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 (1,25-D3). It was recently demonstrated that dendritic cells (DC) are able to convert the inactive 25-hydroxy vitamin D3 (25-D3) into the active form via 1α-hydroxylase. In this study, we set out to examine the possible consequences of this conversion on adaptive immune functions. Human monocyte-derived DC were matured by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the presence or absence of 25-D3. Subsequently, the conversion of 25-D3 into 1,25-D3, and the effects on surface marker expression, cytokine production, antigen-presenting capacity and chemotaxis of the DC were examined. 25-D3 was clearly converted into 1,25-D3 in the DC cultures and the process was accompanied by a reduced expression of CD80 (p < 0.01), CD83 (p < 0.01), CD86 (p = 0.02), and HLA-DR (p = 0.02). Also, the levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines tumour necrosis factor (TNF) α (p = 0.02) and interleukin (IL) 12 (p < 0.01) were reduced. Interestingly, however, the CD14 expression (p < 0.01) and the production of IL-1β (p < 0.01) and IL-6 (p < 0.01) increased. Thus, 25-D3 affected the delicate interplay between anti- and pro-inflammatory cytokines produced by the DC. Concurrently, 25-D3 reduced DC capacity to induce proliferation of antigen-specific T cells and DC chemotaxis towards chemokine (CC) ligand 21. This indicates that 25-D3 has a regulating function following intrinsic 1α-hydroxylation, a mechanism that potentially has an immunomodulatory effect in vivo.