Effects of in utero through lactational exposure to dicyclohexyl phthalate and p,p′-DDE in Sprague–Dawley rats

Anti-androgenic chemicals alter sexual differentiation by a variety of mechanisms, and the mechanisms between phthalate esters and p,p′-DDE are considered to be different. We performed an in utero through lactational exposure assay using dicyclohexyl phthalate and p,p′-DDE to investigate the sexual differentiation of these chemicals. Pregnant CD (SD) IGS rats were given dicyclohexyl phthalate or p,p′-DDE orally from gestational day (GD) 6 to postnatal day (PND) 20, and the endocrine-mediated effects in dams and their offspring were examined. The reproductive performance of offspring was also examined. The doses of dicyclohexyl phthalate were 0, 20, 100, and 500 mg/kg/day, and those of p,p′-DDE were 5, 15, and 50 mg/kg/day. Using the dicyclohexyl phthalate, a dam in the 500 mg/kg group showed dystocia and died. The viability index of offspring on PND 4 decreased in the 500 mg/kg group. Prolonged preputial separation, reduced ano-genital distance, increased areolas/nipple retention, hypospadia, decreased ventral prostate and levator ani/bulbocavernosus muscle weights and decreased testicular germ cells were observed in male offspring in the 500 mg/kg group. In the assay using p,p′-DDE, decreased viability index of offspring on PND 21, prolonged preputial separation in male offspring and early vaginal opening in female offspring were observed in the 50 mg/kg group. The copulation and fertility indices decreased in the reproductive performance of offspring in the 50 mg/kg group. The endocrine-mediated effects were detected in offspring of dams given 100 mg/kg dicyclohexyl phthalate, and in offspring of dams given 20 mg/kg p,p′-DDE. Our results suggest that the in utero through lactational exposure assay is a useful method to detect endocrine-mediated effects and that further comparative study between this assay and two-generation reproductive test are necessary when this assay becomes one of the definitive tests.