Cardiovascular toxicity of minoxidil in the marmoset

The aim of the experiments was to assess the toxicity of minoxidil, a potent vasodilator, in marmosets. The animals were treated either at escalating doses from 2 to 40 mg/kg, escalating doses from 40 to 200 mg/kg or single doses of 150 mg/kg or 200 mg/kg. ECG recording and echocardiographic examination were conducted before and 1 h after treatment. Necropsy and histopathology were performed 24 h after the last dose. The treatment with minoxidil induced myocardial necrosis, coronary arteriopathy and degeneration of renal tubules in animals treated with 150 mg/kg or 200 mg/kg. Myocardial necrosis associated with fibrosis in some animals was located mainly in the left and right ventricles (including papillary muscles), but also in the right atrium, left atrium and/or interventricular septum. Arteriopathy was observed in small coronary arteries of the right or left atrium. ECG and echocardiographic examinations showed that in animals treated with 150 mg/kg or 200 mg/kg, there were positive chronotropic and inotropic effects that compensated for the hypotensive effect of the drug and were considered to have played a key role in the pathogenesis of the cardiovascular lesions. The cardiotoxicity of minoxidil in marmosets was similar to that described in dogs, but occurred at much higher doses. In conclusion minoxidil produced cardiovascular toxicity in the marmoset, which was probably due to the marked changes in the cardiac function associated with exaggerated pharmacological effects of the compound. The marmosets were found to be less sensitive than dogs to the cardiotoxicity of minoxidil.