Microbial contamination of surgical instruments used for laparotomy

BackgroundThe aim of this study was to determine the risk of contamination of surgical instruments according to the type of instrument and the surgical procedure.MethodsMicrobiologic examination was conducted on 140 pairs of forceps used in 24 elective laparotomies. These included 60 pairs of tissue forceps and 80 pairs of DeBakey forceps. Microbes on their surface were recovered using a membrane filter method. Adenosine triphosphate assay was also performed simultaneously in each pair of forceps.ResultsA total of 66 strains of microbes was recovered from 44 collected instruments (31%), with microbial counts ranging from 0 to 296 colony-forming units. Among the recovered microbes, gram-negative cocci were dominant. The remaining microbes included 6 strains of gram-positive rods and 4 strains of gram-negative rods. The most common organism was Staphylococcus epidermidis, followed by S hominis and S warneri. Residual adenosine triphosphate was not correlated with the number of recovered microbes.ConclusionSurgical instruments tend to be contaminated during operations by microbes that inhabit the skin and organs. Surgical instruments could act as fomites for the pathogens of surgical site infection even if the surgical field is not apparently contaminated, through application of appropriate practices adhering to surgical site infection guidelines.