Apigenin, a dietary antioxidant, modulates gamma radiation-induced oxidative damages in human peripheral blood lymphocytes

The present study was aimed to explore the antioxidant potential of apigenin and its preventive effect on radiation-induced oxidative damage in human peripheral blood lymphocytes (HPBL). Apigenin (4′, 5, 7-trihydroxy flavone) effectively scavenges hydroxyl (OH
• ), superoxide anion (O2
• –), 1, 1-diphenyl- 2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH
• ) and 2, 2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid radical cation (ABTS
• +) in a concentration-dependent manner (37.2–186 μM). Gamma-radiation (3 Gy) exposure increased the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), % apoptotic cells and decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) in HPBL. On the other hand, apigenin treatment (37.2 μM) 60 min prior to irradiation significantly decreased ROS generation in HPBL. It has also been observed that apigenin treatment significantly reduced γ-radiation-induced apoptotic incidence and modulates loss of ΔΨm in HPBL. Furthermore, apigenin treatment significantly maintains cellular antioxidant status (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase activities and reduced glutathione level) and protects cellular milieu from γ-radiation-induced lipid peroxidation and micronuclei formation in irradiated HPBL. Radiation exposure increased p53, p21, Bax and NF-kB expressions and decreased Bcl-2 expression in HPBL. Conversely, an increase in Bcl-2 along with a decrease in p53, p21, Bax and NF-kB expression was observed in apigenin plus irradiated HPBL. Taken together, the present study indicates that apigenin showed strong antioxidant property in free radical scavenging systems and protects HPBL from radiation-induced oxidative damages at cellular and molecular level.