Distinct functions for RIP140 in development, inflammation, and metabolism

• We highlight the opposing functions of RIP140 as a coactivator and as a corepressor.
• Review the biological roles of RIP140 as a corepressor in metabolism.
• Review functions of RIP140 as a coactivator in inflammation, ovulation, and mammary gland development.

Nuclear receptors (NRs) regulate tissue development and function by controlling transcription from distinct sets of genes in response to fluctuating levels of hormones or cues that modulate receptor activity. Such target gene activation or repression depends on the recruitment of coactivators or corepressors that lead to chromatin remodelling in the vicinity of target genes. Similarly to receptors, coactivators and corepressors often serve pleiotropic functions, and Nrip1 (RIP140) is no exception, playing roles in animal development and physiology. At first sight, however, RIP140 is unusual in its ability to function either as a coactivator or as a corepressor, and also serve a cytoplasmic role. The functions of RIP140 in different tissues will be summarised together with its potential contribution to disease.