Gender differences in epicardial and tissue-level reperfusion in patients undergoing primary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction

ObjectiveThe impact of gender on clinical course after ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is not fully understood. We prospectively investigated whether there are gender-related differences in epicardial and myocardial tissue-level perfusion, both of which represent important prognotic determinants in STEMI patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI).MethodsA total of 594 consecutive non-selected STEMI patients undergoing PPCI were prospectively enrolled. Primary end-point of the study was post-procedural epicardial and myocardial perfusion. Secondary end-points were the 30-day and 6-month composite occurrence of major adverse cardiac events (MACE).ResultsWomen with STEMI had higher risk factor profiles than men. Although PPCI achieved equal rates of successful epicardial reperfusion, women tended to have impaired microvascular reperfusion as reflected by lower rates of normal TIMI myocardial perfusion grade (P = 0.007) and complete ST-segment resolution (P = 0.079). After adjustment for the risk profiles, multivariable analysis showed that gender itself was not an independent predictor of impaired microvascular reperfusion. Both female gender and impaired myocardial reperfusion were independent predictors of 30-day MACE, whereas gender lost its prognostic significance for 6-month MACE. Multivariable analysis restricted to female patients identified incomplete ST-segment resolution as the strongest determinant of 30-day MACE.ConclusionThe differences in microvascular reperfusion after PPCI between women and men are attributed to higher risk profiles in women. Both female gender and impaired myocardial reperfusion were independent predictors of 30-day outcomes after PPCI, emphasizing the importance of successful microvascular reperfusion in the women with STEMI.