Genetic and molecular distinctions in spinal ependymomas: A review

• It is often times difficult to achieve gross total resection of spinal ependymoma.
• Few therapeutic options exist beyond surgical resection.
• The molecular and genetic features of spinal ependymoma are not well characterized.
• Several genes and pathways may serve as useful therapeutic targets.
• Improved understanding of spinal ependymoma may lead to more therapeutic options.

While gross total resection of spinal ependymomas prevents recurrence, this surgical result is not always possible. Increasing evidence suggests that ependymomas occurring in the spine are genetically distinct from those originating in the brain. Herein we review the most recent developments detailing the molecular and genetic characteristics of spinal ependymomas, which may inform more effective and personalized adjuvant therapies for spinal ependymomas that are ineligible for gross total resection. We performed a key-word search for articles published on the molecular, genetic, chromosomal, and epigenetic transformations inherent in spinal ependymomas. We reviewed appropriate articles and their relevant citations. While resection can often achieve favorable outcomes in the treatment of spinal ependymoma, more research on the unique molecular, genetic, chromosomal and epigenetic traits must be conducted in order to tailor treatment and intervention for those patients for whom total resection is not possible.