Minimally invasive lateral transpsoas interbody fusion using a stand-alone construct for the treatment of adjacent segment disease of the lumbar spine: Review of the literature and report of three cases

• LLIF is a newer technique that can be applied to many lumbar spine pathologies.
• Transpsoas method may be biomechanically favorable by avoiding ligament disruption.
• Stand-alone MIS LLIF is an option for treating ASD of the lumbar spine.

We describe 3 patients who presented with radiographic signs and clinical symptoms of adjacent segment disease several years after undergoing L4-S1 posterior pedicle screw fusion. All patients underwent successful lateral lumbar interbody fusion (LLIF) at 1–2 levels above their previous constructs, using stand-alone cages, with complete resolution of radiculopathy and a significant improvement in low-back pain. In addition to a thorough analysis of these cases, we review the pertinent literature regarding treatment options for adjacent segment disease and the applications of the lateral lumbar interbody technique.