A dialogue with historical concepts of epilepsy from the Babylonians to Hughlings Jackson: Persistent beliefs

Epilepsy is one of the few neurological disorders to be recognized in Antiquity. The etiology of epilepsy has evolved from affliction of evil spirits and bad omens to an organic disease of the brain. Geographically separate cultures have recognized the diverse symptomatology of epilepsy from vigorous convulsions to spontaneous localized jerking since times immemorial. Similarly, the diagnostic procedures and treatment options have varied in different milieus. In this review we have followed the course of history chronologically from Babylonians to Hughlings Jackson, mapping the conceptual development of epilepsy and the origin of some of the positive and negative attitudes inherited into today's epileptology. Original writings, such as Hughlings Jackson's letters, and English translations of early Latin work, where available, were used as primary sources of information. Where primary sources were not accessible, we consulted research articles, books, and commentaries by eminent historians and epileptologists.

Research highlights
► Epilepsy was recognized in independent geographic regions in the prehistoric era.
► Several classifications of epilepsy have been proposed at various time points.
► Description of seizure semiology has been used to diagnose epilepsy since antiquity.
► Negative social attitudes towards epilepsy have been prevalent throughout history.
► Supernatural causes are still presumed to be the aetiology in underdeveloped areas.