Psychopathology in children and adolescents with epilepsy: An investigation of predictive variables

This epidemiological study was aimed at determining the prevalence of behavioral and emotional problems in a UK community-based population of children and adolescents with epilepsy aged 4–17 using a postal questionnaire survey. The intent was to identify, through this survey, those epilepsy-related and demographic factors predictive of the presence of psychopathology and diminished health-related quality of life, and to distinguish whether such factors differ for differing types of psychopathology. Outcomes were measured using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), Moods and Feelings Questionnaire (MFQ), Impact of Paediatric Epilepsy Scale (IPES), and Quality of Life in Epilepsy Inventory for Adolescents (QOLIE-AD-48). Information was obtained from main carers for 56 children (25 males and 31 females, mean age = 12 years, SD = 3 years 9 months, range = 5–17). Parent report identified that 23 (47.9%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 34.5–61.7%) children met psychiatric caseness criteria and 32 (61.5%, 95% CI 48–73.5%) had chronic distress and social impairment. Regression analyses identified seizure severity as a risk factor for emotional problems and depression (odds ratio [OR] = 1.09, P < 0.05), whereas cognitive impairment was associated with behavioral problems, specifically conduct problems (OR = 14.0, P < 0.05), hyperactivity/inattention (OR = 9.4, P < 0.01), and peer problems (OR = 28.5, P < 0.01). Cognitive impairment and high seizure frequency were significantly related to increased IPES scores (R2 = 0.33, P < 0.001) and diminished QOLIE-AD-48 scores (R2 = 0.39, P < 0.01). In conclusion, children with epilepsy experience considerable psychopathology and reduced quality of life. Epilepsy-related factors appear more closely associated with emotional well-being, and cognitive factors with behavior problems.