Assessment of lesion evolution in experimental autoimmune neuritis by gadofluorine M-enhanced MR neurography

Experimental autoimmune neuritis (EAN) represents an animal model of acute inflammatory nerve injury mirroring pathophysiological aspects of the human Guillain–Barré syndrome. In the present study, we for the first time visualized the spatiotemporal evolution of autoimmune nerve injury and recovery by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) by use of the novel micellar magnetic resonance (MR) contrast agent gadofluorine M (Gf). EAN was induced in Lewis rats by T-cell transfer (AT-EAN) leading to severe axonal damage, and Gf was applied intravenously at various disease stages mostly 24 h before MRI. In naive rats, Gf enhancement was present solely in the vascular compartment. In AT-EAN, clinically asymptomatic rats already showed consistent Gf uptake in spinal nerves on day 3, while sciatic nerves were spared. The cauda equina correspondingly exhibited massive T-cell infiltration. Gf enhancement further extended to the plexus lumbosacralis on day 4. On days 5 and 6, the entire peripheral neuraxis from the cauda equina, along the sciatic down to the tibial and peroneal nerves, showed strong Gf enhancement. Spinal and peripheral nerves now exhibited massive inflammation and axonal injury on parallel histological analysis. Gf enhancement persisted in the afflicted nerves until complete recovery and disappeared with a proximodistal gradient. In conclusion, Gf-enhanced MR neurography opens a new avenue for monitoring nerve damage in-vivo during an immune attack.