Anti-peptidyl-arginine deaminase 3 (PAD3) antibodies as a promising marker to measure joint damage in patients with rheumatoid arthritis

BackgroundRecently, antibodies directed against peptidyl arginine deiminase 3 and 4 (anti-PAD3/PAD4 antibodies), calcium-dependent enzymes that catalyze the conversion from arginine to citrulline, have been described. Furthermore, antibodies that cross-react between PAD3 and PAD4 cause increased PAD4 activity and consequently correlate with joint damage. This study analyzes the correlation of anti-PAD3 antibodies with joint damage.MethodsTo validate the novel chemiluminescent immunoassay (CIA) for the detection of anti-PAD3 antibodies, 20 samples were tested by CIA and by immunoprecipitation (IP). Next, 39 RA patients with available joint erosion score (JES), Total Sharp Score (TSS) and Joint Space Narrowing Score (JSNS) were tested for anti-CCP (using different methods) and anti-PAD3 antibodies by CIA.ResultsExcellent correlation was observed between the CIA and IP for the detection of anti-PAD3 antibodies (rho = 0.85, p < 0.0001). The median JES of our 39 patients was 14.1 with a standard deviation of 11.5. Anti-PAD3 antibody levels (rho = 0.39, 95% CI = 0.1–0.6; p = 0.0149) were correlated with JES. No correlation was found with TSS and JSNS. In this cohort, ACPA measured using different anti-CCP assays did not correlate with the JES.ConclusionIn our cohort, anti-PAD3 antibodies correlate with joint erosion score. Therefore, anti-PAD3 antibodies might represent promising markers to predict joint damage in RA patients.