Purine metabolism is dysregulated in patients with major depressive disorder

• Decreased serum levels of inosine and guanosine were associated with depression.
• Depressed patients also displayed increased serum levels of xanthine.
• Purine metabolite alterations did not change during recovery from depression.

IntroductionThe purine cycle and altered purinergic signaling have been suggested to play a role in major depressive disorder (MDD). Nevertheless, data on this topic are scarce. Based on previous studies, we hypothesized that compared with non-depressed controls, MDD patients have distinct purine metabolite profiles.MethodsThe samples comprised 99 MDD patients and 253 non-depressed controls, aged 20–71 years. Background data were collected with questionnaires. Fasting serum samples were analyzed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS) to determine seven purine cycle metabolites belonging to the purine cycle. We investigated the levels of these metabolites in three settings: (1) MDD patients vs. non-depressed controls and (2) remitted vs. non-remitted MDD patients, and also (3) within-group changes in metabolite levels during the follow-up period.ResultsIn logistic regression adjusted for age, gender, smoking, alcohol use, physical exercise, glycosylated hemoglobin, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, lower levels of inosine (OR 0.89, 95% CI 0.82–0.97) and guanosine (OR 0.32, 95% CI 0.17–0.59), and higher levels of xanthine (OR 2.21, 95% CI 1.30–3.75) were associated with MDD vs. the non-depressed group. Levels of several metabolites changed significantly during the follow-up period in the MDD group, but there were no differences between remitted and non-remitted groups.ConclusionsWe observed altered purine metabolism in MDD patients compared with non-depressed controls. Furthermore, our observations suggest that circulating xanthine may accumulate in MDD patients.