Inflammatory markers are associated with general cognitive abilities in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder patients and healthy controls

BackgroundThe mechanisms underlying cognitive impairment in schizophrenia and bipolar disorders are largely unknown. Immune abnormalities have been found in both disorders, and inflammatory mediators may play roles in cognitive function. We investigated if inflammatory markers are associated with general cognitive abilities.MethodsParticipants with schizophrenia spectrum (N = 121) and bipolar spectrum (N = 111) disorders and healthy controls (N = 241) were included. General intellectual abilities were assessed using the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI). Serum concentrations of the following immune markers were measured: Soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (sTNF-R1), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra), osteoprotegerin, von Willebrand factor, C-reactive protein, interleukin-6 and CD40 ligand.ResultsAfter adjusting for age, sex and diagnostic group, significant negative associations with general cognitive function were found for sTNF-R1 (p = 2 × 10− 5), IL-1Ra (p = 0.002) and sCD40 ligand (p = 0.003). Among patients, the associations remained significant (p = 0.006, p = 0.005 and p = 0.02) after adjusting for possible confounders including education, smoking, psychotic and affective symptoms, body mass index, cortisol, medication and time of blood sampling. Subgroup analysis, showed that general cognitive abilities were significantly associated with IL-1Ra and sTNF-R1 in schizophrenia patients, with sCD40L and IL-1Ra in bipolar disorder patients and with sTNF-R1 in healthy controls.ConclusionThe study shows significant negative associations between inflammatory markers and general cognitive abilities after adjusting for possible confounders. The findings strongly support a role for inflammation in the neurophysiology of cognitive impairment.