Multiple determinants in the coding region of Pea seed-borne mosaic virus P3 are involved in virulence against sbm-2 resistance

Viral determinants for overcoming Pisum sativum recessive resistance, sbm-2, against the potyvirus Pea seed-borne mosaic virus (PSbMV) were identified in the region encoding the N-terminal part of the P3 protein. Codons conserved between sbm-2 virulent isolates in this region: Q21, K30 and H122 were found to specifically impair sbm-2 virulence when mutated in selected genetic backgrounds. The corresponding amino acids, Gln21 and Lys30, are neighbored by P3 residues strongly conserved among potyviruses and His122 is conserved particularly in potyviral species infecting legumes. The strongest selective inhibition of sbm-2 virulence, however, was observed by elimination of isolate specific length polymorphisms also located in the N-terminal part of the P3 protein. Length variation in N-terminal P3 is common between potyviral species. However, intra-species length polymorphism in this region was found only among PSbMV isolates. Our findings comply with a model for PSbMV pathotypes having evolved by a diversification of the P3 protein likely to extend to the level of function.