Protective effect of TiO2 nanowhiskers on Tetra Sulphonatophenyl Porphyrin (TSPP) complexes induced oxidative stress during photodynamic therapy

• TiO2 nanowhiskers lower the adverse effects of Tetra Sulphonatophenyl Porphyrin (TSPP),
• Combined TiO2 with TSPP protect the circulatory and excretory system in vivo.
• TSPP 0.1 mM combined with TiO2 0.6 mM nanowhiskers are safer than any other combination either dark or illuminated.

BackgroundTetra Sulphonatophenyl Porphyrin (TSPP) is well known photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy; nevertheless, its well-known adverse effects hamper its potential use. Recently, nano TiO2’s potential role in biomedical has been defined for various disease theranostics, including cancer and other infections. Thus, in this contribution we have explored the possibility of utilizing TiO2 nanowhiskers as novel strategy to lower TSPP adverse effects both in vitro, and in vivo.MethodsVarious concentrations of TSPP, TiO2-TSPP, and TiO2 were injected to three different rat groups, while fourth group was kept as control. Toxic effects were evaluated on excretory and circulatory system by using histopathology, fluorescent microscopy, complete blood cells count (CBC) and serum enzymes.ResultsIn complete blood cells count, all cells were significantly (p < 0.01) affected by the various concentration and treatment groups. The various dose concentrations and treatment also significantly (p < 0.01) affected the serum enzyme parameters including AST, ALT, LDH, Creatinine and BUN level. The low concentration of TSPP-TiO2 was found to be the safest, on the bases of serum enzyme parameters, CBC, histopathology, and fluorescent microscopic analysis. The MTT assay was used to evaluate in vitro cytotoxicity, and the results demonstrated maximum viability in illuminated TSPP-TiO2 nanowhiskers group when compared with TSPP treated group.ConclusionsIt was evident that increase in concentration of TSPP increased the toxic effects; however, the TiO2 nanowhiskers combination with TSPP decreased these adverse effects. Moreover, TSPP (0.1 mM) combined with TiO2 nanowhiskers (0.6 mM) was safer than TSPP (0.1 mM) alone.

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