Azacitidine favorably modulates PSA kinetics correlating with plasma DNA LINE-1 hypomethylation in men with chemonaïve castration-resistant prostate cancer

BackgroundAzacitidine is a hypomethylating agent that activates genes repressed by promoter methylation. Preclinically, demethylating agents reverse resistance of prostate cancer to androgen ablation. A phase II trial evaluated azacitidine for men with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) progressing on combined androgen blockade (CAB).MethodsChemonaïve patients with CRPC on CAB and PSA-doubling time (DT) < 3 months were eligible. The primary endpoint was prolongation of PSA-DT to ≥3 months. Correlation of biologic activity (fetal hemoglobin, plasma DNA LINE-1 methylation) with prolongation of PSA-DT was tested. CAB was continued and azacitidine 75 mg/m2 was administered subcutaneously on days 1–5 of each 28-day cycle up to 12 cycles or until clinical progression/intolerable toxicities.ResultsThirty-six patients were enrolled, 80.6% had metastatic disease, and 34 were evaluable. A PSA-DT ≥ 3 months was attained in 19 patients (55.8%). Overall median PSA-DT was significantly prolonged compared to baseline (2.8 vs. 1.5 months, P < 0.01). Fourteen patients had some PSA decline during therapy and 1 patient had a ≥30% decline compared with baseline. The median clinical progression-free survival was 12.4 weeks. Grade 3 toxicities included fatigue (12%), and neutropenia (6%), with 4 patients discontinuing due to toxicities. A trend in decreasing plasma DNA LINE-1 methylation was seen with longer treatment duration (P = 0.06), which significantly correlated with prolongation of PSA-DT (P = 0.02).ConclusionsAzacitidine favorably modulates PSA kinetics in chemonaïve CRPC that correlates with decreasing plasma DNA LINE-1 methylation. Given the excellent tolerability, further development of azacitidine for CRPC may be warranted, with exploration of combination regimens.